Polish women put on black clothes and gathered outside the parliament building in Warsaw, condemning the Catholic Church's influence on political life and chanting "We have had enough".
Similar protests took place in other cities across the country.
Protestors are planning a strike, boycotting jobs and classes on Monday.
The outcry comes after a proposed total ban on the abortion was supported by the Church, but politicians rejected that proposal after massive crowds of women dressed in black staged streets protests under their umbrellas in the rain.
Abortion law is strict in Poland and it is illegal in most cases, but there are exceptions if the pregnancy poses a threat to the woman's life, or if it is a baby from a crime like incest or rape or if the foetus is irreparably damaged.
But in many cases doctors have declared themselves conscientious objectors to abortions and refuse to perform them even in those cases.
Jaroslaw Kaczynski, the head of the ruling Law and Justice party, said recently he wants a new law that would ensure that women carry their foetuses to term even in cases when there is no chance of survival.
The move would allow for baptisms and burials, Mr Kaczynski said.
His socially conservative party won parliamentary and presidential elections last year with the support of Poland's powerful Roman Catholic church, Catholic media outlets and religious voters.
Official statistics show there were 1,040 legal abortions in Poland in 2015, although many more abortions are known to take place, with women or travelling to neighbouring countries for the procedure or ordering abortion-inducing pills online.
